SOURCES / NOTES
Unifying Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Gravity
Sources
I developed these concepts entirely on my own. However, I did use two books to verify two specific numbers related to dark matter issues. In addition, I also used a Scientific American article which discussed more general issues. The three sources have already been cited on the relevant pages, but I list them below for completeness.
1. “The Cosmic Cocktail, Three Parts Dark Matter” Katherine Freese, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2014.
2. “The Trouble with Physics” by Lee Smolin, Boston & New York, Houghton, Mifflin Company, 2006.
3. Hossenfelder, Sabine. McGaugh, Stacy S. “Is Dark Matter Real?”, Scientific American, Aug. 2018, pp 37-43. Print.
Notes
These notes provide more detail on the sources above. They are in one-to-one correspondence.
1. Rotation curve. As an illustration of the rotation curve, the Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way at 250 kilometers/ second, but the speed should be only 160 kilometers /second, based on standard gravity physics. This appears on page 19 in the book “The Cosmic Cocktail, Three Parts Dark Matter” by physicist and dark matter researcher Katherine Freese. (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2014). This discrepancy in orbital speed is an illustration of the “rotation” curve, and the proposed explanation is “dark matter.”
2. A Threshold for Dark Matter. On pages 210 and 211 of the book “The Trouble with Physics” by Lee Smolin, (Boston & New York, Houghton, Mifflin Company, 2006), Dr. Smolin discusses the threshold of the rotation curve.
He states that the anomalous rotation curve starts as one moves out from the galactic center to a point where the acceleration is less than or equal to 1.2 x 10^-8 cm/sec^2. He notes that this value is “close to c^2/R, the value of the acceleration produced by the cosmological constant!” In the next paragraph he continues: “I want you to understand how weird this observation is…There is no obvious reason for this scale to play any role at all in the dynamics of an individual galaxy.”
However, if the outgoing t-waves I postulate are related to the expansion of the universe, that is, “dark energy”, this is what we might expect at low accelerations / velocities: the universe t-waves would affect the orbits.
3. A strange mathematical relationship. The well-respected science publication, Scientific American published an article outlining some of the potential flaws in the dark matter theory. The article was Hossenfelder, Sabine. McGaugh, Stacy S. “Is Dark Matter Real?”, Scientific American, Aug. 2018, pp 37-43. Print. One of the points that the authors make is that a study done in 2016 indicated that the amount of assumed dark matter is “directly proportional to the gravity caused by the visible matter.” However, dark matter is presumed to be an independent source of gravitation, therefore there is no reason that this proportionality should exist.
While the authors did not reject the mainstream theory of dark matter, they indicated that scientists investigating this phenomenon should keep a more open mind. One suggestion they offered is “modified gravity”, described as MOND above (Modified Newtonian Gravity.) My approach is not MOND; it is simply a new approach.
The length of the article and its publication in Scientific American demonstrates that dark matter skepticism is beginning to move to a mainstream alternative view.